μῦθοι Mythoi
Motif

Tasks assigned suitors. Bride as prize for accomplishment. (For nature of tasks see H1000ff.)

Tests. · Marriage tests. · Suitor tests. · Suitor tests. · view the constellation · filed as H335

ask the rhapsode about this motif →

On our shelf — the index’s citations, resolved to served chapters
  • FinnishThe Kalevala, Rune VIIThompson cites: Kalevala runes 7, 8, 13, 14, 19
  • GreekThe Library (Bibliotheca), BOOK I, ch. IXThompson cites: Frazer Apollodorus I 87 n. 3, II 61 n. 3, Fox 107
The motif on our shelf — written from the served texts; every claim cited  receipt

To win the woman, first win the work: the shape here sets a bride behind a labor and hands her to whoever can accomplish it. Two witnesses on our shelf carry the pattern cleanly, one from the North and one from the Aegean.

In the Kalevala (the Finnish epic compiled from oral song 1835–1849), the ancient minstrel Wainamoinen is borne from the sea to a cheerless coast and found weeping in Pohyola (the grim Northland), whose toothless hostess Louhi will ferry him home only for a price. Not gold — she waves that away — but a made thing: "Canst thou forge for me the Sampo," she asks, the Sampo being the wondrous artifact she wants hammered "From a single grain of barley" and "the finest wool of lambkins." And the maiden goes with it: "I will give thee too my daughter". Wainamoinen cannot forge it, so he pledges another smith — "I will send thee Ilmarinen," "the one that forged the heavens" — and Louhi at once moves the bargain to the absent craftsman: "Him alone I’ll give my daughter," "Promise him my child in marriage," "Who for me will forge the Sampo". The bride is the wage of an impossible commission.

The Greek witness is starker. Apollodorus's Library (Bibliotheca) (a Greek mythography of the 1st–2nd century CE) tells how Admetus "wooed Alcestis, daughter of Pelias", and how her father "had promised to give his daughter to him who should" "yoke a lion and a boar to a car". Admetus cannot, but Apollo yokes the beasts for him; he brings them to Pelias "and so obtained Alcestis." The prize keeps its teeth — forgetting Artemis at the wedding, he "found it full of coiled snakes" in the marriage chamber — yet the frame is bare: perform the yoking, take the bride.

Both witnesses lean on a helper who does the deed the suitor cannot — a rival smith, a god. When the task is truly beyond the wooer, to whom is the bride really promised: the man who asks, or the hands that finish the work?

Witnesses: The Kalevala, Rune VII · The Library (Bibliotheca), BOOK I, ch. IX

Scholars’ trail — 18references

The index’s own references — the collections where scholars sighted this story-shape, tradition by tradition. Titles on our shelf are live links; the rest is the frontier, not yet shelved.

  • Icelandic*Boberg
  • FinnishKalevala runes 7, 8, 13, 14, 19 → on our shelf: The Kalevala, Rune VII
  • Italian Novella*Rotunda, Basile Pentamerone II Nos. 5, 7
  • GreekFrazer Apollodorus I 87 n. 3, II 61 n. 3, Fox 107 → on our shelf: The Library (Bibliotheca), BOOK I, ch. IX
  • JewishNeuman
  • India*Thompson-Balys
  • IndonesianDe Vries's list No. 168
  • Indo-ChineseScott Indo-Chinese 290
  • ChineseGraham
  • JapaneseAnesaki 262
  • TuamotuStimson MS (z-G. 13/174, 13/203, 13/276, 13/317, 13/441, 13/499, 13/730, 13/243, 13/1241)
  • Easter IslandMétraux Ethnology 57
  • N. Am. Indian*Thompson Tales 324 n. 170
  • Africa (Mpongwe)Nassau 31 No. 4, (Benga): Nassau 134 No. 15
  • West IndiesFlowers 458. Cf. Wünsche Teufel 33 (devil).
  • general *Types 313, 502, 513, 514, 518, 570, 577
  • general BP II 87ff., III 267ff., 424ff.
  • general Hibbard 275ff. (Sir Eglamour). Irish myth: *Cross
Within the index

Filed under Suitor tests. A suitor is put to severe tests by his prospective bride or father-in-law.

11 finer motifs beneath it
Bride helps suitor perform his tasksGirl assigns tasks to her suitorsDevil as suitor assigned tasksSuitor tasks announced by inscription on statueGoddess assigns task to her mortal suitorSuitor task: avenging bride's father's death before marriageSuitor task: cutting open magic gourdSuitor task: killing ferocious animalSuitor task: to defeat enemiesSuitor task: to bring back food as a marriage presentSuitor task: making weather calm. (Cf. D2141.0.8.1.)
Filed beside it
Tests for hero, husband of supernatural (divine) wifeBrother unwittingly qualifies as bridegroom of sister in testInspection test for suitors. Suitors for princess's hand must present themselves for public inspection. (Cf. H362, T55.7.)Physical and mental requirements for suitorsSuitor test: obedience and humility before brideSuitor's sincerity testedSuitor test: to whom the princess turns. Rival suitors sleep with princess. The one she turns to is to have her. They vie in enticementsSuitor test: apple thrown indicates princess's choice. (Often golden apple.)Long term of service imposed on suitorSuitor preferred who will pay enormous sum for brideSuitor test: hiding from princess. She has magic sightSuitor test: finding princessSuitor test: learning girl's nameSuitor test: choosing princess from others identically cladSuitor test: skillSuitor test: cleverness and learning
Travels with
Task: uprooting man-devouring tree. (Cf. H335.)Princess sets hero tasks. (Cf. H335.)
Keeps company with — shares receipted episodes
Sleepless dragonBrazen-footed, fire-breathing bulls. (Cf. B15.6, B15.5)Animal languages learned from serpent (not eaten). (Cf. B176.)Bird languageGrateful animalsHelpful eagle. See references in B322.1Helpful serpentEagle carries man to safetyTabu: falsely claiming the powers of a godTabu: looking upTransformation and disenchantment at willPower of self-transformation received from a god
Carried in tale types

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